Mujeres Filicidas: Análsis desde una perspectiva psicojurídica / Filicidal women: Analysis from a psycho-legal perspective

Resumen El presente escrito tiene por objetivo, identificar si existe una perspectiva psicojurídica del delito de homicidio de una madre hacia sus hijos (Filicidio) y sus características principales. Se trata de una revisión documental, en la cual se seleccionaron 67 artículos entre los años 2005-2017 en idiomas inglés y español, de bases de datos como; Science Direct, Redalyc, MedLine, PubMed, Scielo. Como resultado de esta revisión no se encontró ningún documento que contenga un enfoque desde la psicología jurídica que aborde este delito. Se propuso clasificar esta conducta punible según dos tipologías en las cuales se tiene en cuenta, la motivación de la agresora y características de la víctima, se consideran varios vacíos en las leyes, lo cual pretende trazar un camino para investigaciones desde esta área, que puedan contribuir a la prevención y mitigación de este tipo de hechos y aportar a futuras políticas publicas

Abstract This paper aims to identify if there is a psycho-juridical perspective of the crime of homicide of a mother towards her children (Filicide) and its main characteristics. It is a documentary review, in which 67 articles were selected between the years 2005-2017 in English and Spanish, databases such as; Science Direct, Redalyc, MedLine, PubMed, Scielo. As a result of this review we did not find any document that contains a legal psychology approach that addresses this crime. It was proposed to classify this punishable conduct according to two typologies in which the motivation of the aggressor and characteristics of the victim are considered, several gaps are considered in the laws, which intends to chart a way for investigations from this area, that can Contribute to the prevention and mitigation of this type of events and contribute to future public politics

Una mirada a la infancia en el marco de la violencia: del niño víctima a la responsabilidad subjetiva / A View of Infancy through the Lens of Violence: From the child as victim to subjective responsibility

La Modernidad dio nacimiento a una nueva forma de comprender la infancia en la que el niño es desprovisto de deberes y solo es considerado sujeto de derechos. Como corolario, en el caso colombiano la ley hace del menor de edad un sujeto inimputable y, en consecuencia, no se le considera responsable por ninguno de sus actos. Esto adquiere mayor relevancia cuando en un país como Colombia algunos menores de edad ejecutan una serie de crímenes tales como asesinatos, robos y secuestros, además de ser codiciados para participar activamente dentro del conflicto armado. En este escenario, ¿hasta que punto podemos hablar de responsabilidad subjetiva en los menores de edad? ¿cuáles pueden ser las consecuencias de que se haga de un menor de edad una excepción ante la ley?

Modernity gave birth to a new way of understanding childhood, one which relinquished the child from duties, but bestowed them with rights. As a corollary, in Colombia the law considers minors to be unimpeachable subjects, thus, they are not held responsible for any of their acts. This has significant relevance in a country like Colombia, where some youth carry out a variety of crimes like murder, robbery, and kidnappings, and are actively recruited to participate in armed conflict. Within this context, to what extent can we talk about youth subjective responsibility? What might be the consequences of making minor an exception before the law?

Maltrato infantil: conocimiento y actitud del cirujano dentista: marco legal y revisión de la literatura / Child abuse: knowledge and attitude of the dentist: legal framework and review of the literature

El maltrato, abuso y la negligencia a los niños constituyen un fenómeno social que desafortunadamente está extendido por todo el mundo sin barreras étnicas, geográficas ni de contexto social. En Chile, hasta el año 2012 el 71 % de los niños sufría algún tipo de maltrato al interior de su familia. Las lesiones cráneo-faciales y de cuello ocurren en más de la mitad de los casos. El Odontólogo tiene la obligación legal, moral y ética como ciudadano y profesional de la salud de notificar a las autoridades competentes los casos sospechosos de maltrato. Objetivo: Evaluar cuál es el conocimiento del cirujano dentista sobre maltrato infantil y cuál ha sido su actitud frente a la detección y reporte del maltrato infantil. Búsqueda bibliográfica en PUBMED utilizando palabras clave: "child abuse" and "dentistry". Se encontraron 132 artículos, de los cuales fueron 15 atingentes con texto completo. Estudios realizados en varios países informaron de las dificultades de los odontólogos en el diagnóstico, la documentación y la denuncia de casos con sospecha de abuso a las autoridades, además de la necesidad de mayor formación en el tema. Dada la importancia del tema, el papel del odontólogo al trabajar directamente con niños y adolescentes, y el aumento en el reporte de casos sospechosos de violencia, se sugiere fuertemente realizar una vigilancia respecto a conocimiento y actitudes entre los odontólogos en Chile.

Abuse and neglect of children constitutes a social phenomenon that unfortunately is spread throughout the world without ethnic, geographical or social context barriers. In Chile, until 2012, 71 % of children suffered some type of abuse within their family. Skull-facial and neck injuries occur in more than half of the cases. The Dentist has a legal, moral and ethical obligation as a citizen and health professional to notify the authorities of suspected cases of abuse. The objective of the study was to evaluate the extent of the dental surgeons´ knowledge regarding child abuse and their attitude towards the detection and reporting of child abuse. Bibliographic search in PUBMED using keywords: "child abuse" and "dentistry". In the study, 132 articles were found, of which 15 were full text. Studies in several countries reported the difficulties of dentists in the diagnosis, documentation and reporting of cases of suspected abuse to the authorities, in addition to the need for further training in the subject. Given the importance of this issue, the role of the dentist working directly with children and adolescents, and the increase in the reporting of suspected cases of violence, it is strongly suggested to monitor the knowledge and attitudes among dentists in Chile.

Promoção dos direitos da criança e prevenção de maus tratos infantis / Promotion of children's rights and prevention of child abuse

Resumo A violência praticada contra crianças é tema complexo e polissêmico. Estudo de coorte retrospectiva buscou caracterizar o perfil das crianças vítimas de violência doméstica e de seus agressores e avaliar a eficácia das intervenções judiciais. Analisou-se 98 processos da Vara da Infância e Juventude, envolvendo 179 crianças e 121 agressores. Negligência/abandono e violência física foram as violações mais frequentes. Revelou-se a mãe como principal agressora; renda mensal de até um salário mínimo e história de uso de álcool mostraram-se associados à violência. Encontrou-se 71% das vítimas matriculadas em instituições de ensino. Em 25% a gravidade da situação determinou o afastamento da família. Um terço das crianças foram incluídas em programas de apoio, orientação e acompanhamento à família. A intervenção judicial garantiu 93% de interrupção da violência em até dois anos, tempo ainda longo, pelo risco da criança ser revitimizada. Ações efetivas pressupõem o envolvimento da família, da sociedade, das instituições escolares e de saúde. A garantia de direitos tem na execução das políticas públicas, e não na judicialização, o lócus privilegiado de efetivação.

Abstract Child abuse is a complex, multi-faceted and controversial topic. A retrospective cohort study aimed to characterize the profile of children victims of domestic violence and their aggressors and to evaluate the efficiency of judicial interventions. Ninety-eight cases lodged with the Infancy and Childhood Court involving 179 children and 121 perpetrators were analyzed. Negligence/abandonment (62%) and physical violence (30%) were the most frequent violations. Mothers were identified as the most frequent aggressor; monthly income of up to one minimum wage and history of alcohol use have been associated with violence. Seventy-one percent of victims were enrolled in educational institutions. In 25% of the cases the severity of the abuse required the removal of the child from the family. A third of the children were enrolled in official programs designed to provide the family with support, orientation and follow-up. This protective judicial intervention was successful in reducing abuse in 93% of the cases within 2 years. Prevention of child abuse requires the involvement of professionals of multiple fields at an early stage. The promotion and safeguarding of children's rights must come primarily from the implementation of public policy not judicial intervention.

Sistematización de una experiencia piloto de implementación de una Sala Gesell para la entrevista de niños en un Tribunal de Familia / Systematization of the pilot implementation of a Gesell dome in a Family Court

Resumen: Los niños y adolescentes víctimas de delito sexual o maltrato grave están expuestos a la victimización secundaria -entendida como la revictimización producto del recuerdo constante del maltrato o delito sufrido al ser objeto de múltiples preguntas de lo ocurrido- al tener contacto con el sistema de justicia. El año 2012, el Estado de Chile implementó un piloto de sala Gesell con el fin de reducir este riesgo y avanzar hacia un proceso de entrevista única, con valor probatorio en el marco del proceso judicial. Objetivo: Sistematizar el proceso de implementación de una sala Gesell en un Tribunal de Familia chileno. Sujetos y Método: Estudio cualitativo, no experimental, exploratorio y descriptivo. Se entre vistaron 10 representantes de instituciones de la red interinstitucional del Tribunal de Familia de la ciudad de Melipilla. Para la selección de los participantes se empleó el tipo intencionado de muestreo, que busca obtener el discurso representativo de los participantes. Se empleó la Entrevista Individual Semiestructurada, en base a 7 dimensiones de investigación: 1) conocimiento de la sala Gesell; 2) co nocimiento del derecho del niño a ser oído; 3) conocimiento sobre el tema de maltrato grave y abuso sexual; 4) conocimiento sobre el tema de victimización secundaria; 5) organización y funcionamien to de la red institucional; 6) capacitación; y 7) evaluación general de la sala Gesell del Tribunal de Familia de Melipilla. Resultados: Existen diferencias en conocimiento y manejo de información entre las instituciones asociadas al proyecto. La mayoría de las instituciones observa que la sala piloto tiene relación con los objetivos de la Convención de Derechos del Niño, siendo difícil identificar si esta situación se cumple en la práctica, ya que muchas de ellas no cuentan con información respecto de su proceso de instalación e implementación. Se identifican dificultades de coordinación de la red local que afectan los objetivos del proyecto. Conclusiones: Se identifican problemas de coordinación y tra bajo en red en la implementación y uso de la sala Gesell. Para lograr el objetivo de disminuir la victimización secundaria, se requiere, además de la inversión en planta física y capacitación especializada, de una fuerte inversión en gestión y coordinación de la red local. Los resultados facilitan el desarrollo de planes para evitar dichos inconvenientes en su futura implementación como política pública.

Abstract: Introduction: Children and adolescents who are victims of sexual abuse or severe mistreatment are exposed to secondary victimization -understood as the revictimization resulting from the cons tant memory of the mistreatment or the abuse suffered when they are subject of multiple questions about what happened- when they have contact with the justice system. In 2012, the Chilean State implemented a pilot Gesell dome in order to reduce this risk and move towards a single interview process, with probative value in the context of the judicial process. Objective: To systematize the implementation process of a Gessel Dome in a chilean Family Court. Subjects and Method: Qualita tive, non-experimental, exploratory and descriptive study. Ten representatives of institutions of the inter-institutional network of the Family Court at the city of Melipilla were interviewed. Purposive sampling was used for the selection of participants, which seeks to obtain a representative discour se of the participants. The Semi-structured Individual Interview was used, based on seven research dimensions: 1) knowledge of the Gesell dome; 2) knowledge of the right of the child to be heard; 3) knowledge regarding severe mistreatment and sexual abuse; 4) knowledge about secondary victi mization; 5) organization and operation of the institutional network; 6) training; and 7) general eva luation of the Gesell dome of the Melipilla Family Court. Results: There are differences in knowledge and information management among the institutions associated with the project. Coordination diffi culties of the local network that affect the objectives of the project are identified. Conclusions: There are problems of coordination and networking in the implementation and use of the Gesell dome. In order to achieve the objective of reducing secondary victimization, in addition to the investment in physical facilities and specialized training, a strong investment in local network management and coordination is required. The results facilitate the development of plans to avoid such difficulties in the future implementation of Gesell domes as public policy.

Abordagens da alienação parental: proteção e/ou violência? / Approaches to parental alienation: protection and / or violence?

Resumo Este artigo analisa as abordagens da alienação parental a partir das dimensões conceitual, de poder e operativa, principais categorias extraídas de pesquisa qualitativa envolvendo entrevistas com a equipe de estudos psicossociais, mediadores e juízes da Vara de Família do Fórum Lafayette, de Belo Horizonte-MG. Na dimensão conceitual, foram abordados o conceito médico de síndrome e o conceito legal de ato ilícito e ato de litígio, este último associado a conflito familiar. Na dimensão de poder, foram apontadas a medicalização, a judicialização e a intervenção do Estado. E como dimensão operativa, abordagens exclusivamente periciais foram contrapostas às abordagens dos estudos psicossociais e de acompanhamento terapêutico, e discutiram-se as medidas legais, no seu aspecto protetivo e punitivo. Concluiu-se que, por meio da flexibilização das abordagens clínicas e legais, é possível ao Estado cumprir sua função de proteger o menor em vulnerabilidade, sem incorrer em violência institucional. Apontaram-se nessa direção a mediação e a nova lei da guarda compartilhada que, juntamente com intervenções terapêuticas de orientação preferencialmente psicanalítica ou sistêmica, promovem a responsabilização do sujeito para com suas escolhas e atos, melhor forma de resolução de conflitos.

Abstract This article analyses the approaches to parental alienation through the conceptual, power and operational dimensions, main categories drawn from qualitative research involving interviews with the staff of psychosocial studies, mediators and judges of the Family Court of Lafayette Forum of Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil. In the conceptual dimensions, were addressed the concept of syndrome and the legal concept of illicit act and litigation act, this one associated with family conflict. As for the dimensions of power, the effects of medicalization, judicialization and state intervention were discussed. And as operative dimensions, solely expert approaches were opposed to psychosocial studies and therapeutic monitoring approaches and discussed with the legal approaches, in its protective and punitive aspect. It was concluded that by easing the clinical and legal approaches, it is possible for the state to fulfill its function of protecting the minor in vulnerable condition, but without incurring in institutional violence. In this direction, were appointed the mediation and the new law on joint custody which, together with therapeutic interventions, mainly of psychoanalytical or systemic orientation, point to the responsibility of the individual towards his choices and acts as the best way of resolving conflicts.

Protocolo de atención en salud integral de niñas y niños en situación de maltrato infantil / Comprehensive health care protocol for girls and boys in situations of child abuse

A partir de la premisa, que el maltrato infantil se está convirtiendo en un problema cada vez más serio a nivel nacional, situación que es avalada por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) que considera que la violencia y sus diferentes manifestaciones son un problema que afectan a la salud y al desarrollo social y económico de amplios sectores de la población. Este protocolo considera que es importante que los proveedores de salud desarrollen habilidades y competencias que ayuden a detectar los casos de niños maltratados, así como conocer las mejores estrategias de intervención. El objetivo de este protocolo es proponer una herramienta que proporcione los elementos básicos a proveedores y proveedoras de salud para brindar atención de calidad en salud integral y realizar la notificación oportuna de los casos de maltrato infantil. Para ello han seleccionado un modelo basado en el triage del AIEPI (Atención Integral a las Enfermedades Prevalentes de la Infancia). Es una estrategia elaborada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y el Fondo de las Naciones Unidas para la Infancia (Unicef) presentada en 1996 como principal método para mejorar la salud en la niñez. La metodología del modelo se lleva a cabo por medio de tres componentes. El primero está dirigido a mejorar el desempeño del personal de salud para la prevención de enfermedades en la niñez y su tratamiento. El segundo se dirige a mejorar la organización y funcionamiento de los servicios de salud para que brinden atención de calidad apropiada; y el tercer componente está dirigido a mejorar las prácticas familiares y comunitarias de cuidado y atención de la niñez. Contiene un marco teórico, marco legal, así como una serie de anexos dirigidos a apoyar tanto el diagnóstico, como el seguimiento dado a las víctimas.

“Después del maltrato infantil una vida continúa”: Relatos de vida acerca de los cuidadores de crianza y las experiencias de acoger a un infante maltratado / “After the child abuse a life continues” “Life stories about caregivers of aging, and the experiences of hosting a infante mistreated”

En el presente artículo doy a conocer la experiencia de cuáles son algunas de las situaciones vivenciales por las que atravesaron los cuidadores de crianza al aceptar cuidar a un niño que se encontró en situación de abandono y maltrato, producto de la investigación cualitativa que se llevó a cabo en el año 2010 en un estudio de casos. Para iniciar con este cometido iniciaré con una pregunta, a saber ¿cómo cuidan a un niño/niña lactante maltratado algunas personas que decidieron recibirlo en su núcleo familiar, después de que éste ha sido dado de alta de una institución de salud? El acercamiento sobre este tema es poco conocido en el ámbito social y de salud en México. Es por esta relación de saberes en los contextos social, salud, psico-emocional e histórico familiar del saber de la importancia, la pertinencia y la preocupación de conocer esta realidad infantil. Hasta en años recientes la disciplina de enfermería se incorporó y formó parte del trabajo interdisciplinario y multidisciplinario de investigación en salud en situaciones de maltrato infantil e inició por cuestionar y preocuparse por este tipo de situaciones, generando algunos puntos de importancia que deben ser tratados más ampliamente sobre las formas en que las familias acogedoras brindan protección temporal de los menores maltratados.

In this article I shared the experience of what some of the experiential situations for which spanned foster carriers, to take care of a child who is in a state of neglect and abuse. As a result of qualitative research that was carried out in 2010, in case studies. To start with this task shall begin with a question: How to care for an abused infant, some people decided to get it in your nuclear family, after the infant has been released from a health facility? The approach on this is little known in the social and health in Mexico. That’s why logical relationship, the importance of knowledge, the pertinence and the concern of know the reality. Even in recent years the discipline of nursing, incorporates part in inter-and multidisciplinary research in health in situations of child abuse, and begins to question and worry about these types of situations, generating some important points that must be treated more broadly about the ways that foster families provide temporary protection of abused children.

Protocolo de atención en salud integral con pertinencia cultural para la niñez y la adolescencia en situación de trabajo infantil y sus peores formas / Comprehensive health care protocol with cultural relevance for children and adolescents in child labor situations and their worst forms

El documento aborda, desde el marco teórico, los conceptos inherentes al tema, para luego describir las condiciones y características de los peores trabajos a los que tanto niños como adolescentes son sometidos. Va describiendo los niveles de riesgo, así como las formas de detectarlos por el personal sanitario. Incluye un marco legal en el que contextualiza la vulnerabilidad así como los derechos de los niños y adolescentes, para finalmente presentar los algoritmos de atención en salud integral, así como las rutas y derivación.

Child abuse and its detection in the Dental Office.

Child abuse is a major public health problem all over the world. There are four major types of abuse: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse and neglect. Although the injuries of child abuse are many and varied, several types of injuries are common to abuse. Many of these injuries are within the scope of dentistry or easily observed by the dental professional in the course of routine dental treatment. It is important to realize that all members of the dental team have a unique opportunity and a legal obligation to assist in the struggle against child abuse. This requires clinical significance because a high proportion of abused children suffer injuries to the face and head, including the oral and perioral regions. These injuries may be observed during the course of dental treatment and in some cases even before the child is seated in the dental chair.

Maltrato Infantil: una realidad muy cercana, ¿cómo debemos actuar los odontólogos? / Child Abuse: a reality so close, how do we proceed dentists?

El maltrato y el abandono de los niños y adolescentes es un problema social en aumento que no se limita a las profesiones legales o de servicio social, sino también a la odontología. El objetivo de la presente revisión es brindar la información actual sobre maltrato infantil y al mismo tiempo orientar al odontólogo a detectar, documentar, informar y ayudar a tratar a niños, adolescentes y sus familias que presenten este problema y poder prevenir episodios de maltrato.

Child abuse and neglect of children and adolescent is a growing social problem not limited to the legal prefession or social service, but also dentistry. The objective of this review is to provide current informaction on child abuse and at the same time guide the dentist to identify, document, report and help treat children and adolescents and their families that are experiencing this problem and to prevent episodes of abuse.

Notificação de maus-tratos contra crianças e adolescentes: o discurso oficial e a práxis / La notificación de malos tratos contra los niños y adolescentes: el discurso oficial y la práctica profesional / Reporting child and adolescent maltreatment: official discourse and professional practice

Neste artigo reflete-se acerca dos maus-tratos contra crianças e adolescentes; o discurso oficial e a prática da notificação pelos profissionais de saúde. Buscou-se, ainda, descrever o papel do setor saúde na notificação dos maus-tratos constatados. O Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente tem uma formulação clara sobre o papel do setor saúde, tratando-o como esfera pública privilegiada, no sentido de identificar, notificar a situação de maus-tratos e buscar formas para proteger a vítima e apoiar a família. Mesmo assim, observa-se que os profissionais necessitam de esclarecimento e de noções de legalidade sobre maus-tratos, bem como da concepção de suspeita, adquirindo, assim, segurança para notificar os casos que forem constatados.

This article contemplates child and adolescent maltreatment, the official discourse on the issue, and reporting practice by health professionals. It also aims at describing the role of the health department on the reporting process of maltreatment. The Child and Adolescent Statute (SCA) has clear provisions on the role of the health department, as the privileged state sphere when it comes to identifying, reporting, and offering protection to the victim and support to the his/her family. Even so, it is observed that professionals need further instruction both on legal provisions on maltreatment and on the notion of suspicious cases to ensure full reporting on cases identified.

En este artículo se reflexiona sobre los malos tratos contra niños y adolescentes; el discurso oficial y la práctica de la notificación por los profesionales de salud. Se buscó, además, describir el papel del sector salud en la notificación de los malos tratos constatados. El Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente (ECA) tiene una formulación clara sobre el papel del sector salud, tratándolo como esfera pública privilegiada, en el sentido de identificar, notificar la situación de malos tratos y buscar formas para proteger a la víctima y apoyar a la familia. Aún así, se observa que los profesionales necesitan aclaraciones y nociones de legalidad sobre malos tratos, así como del concepto de sospecha, adquiriendo, de esta forma, seguridad para notificar los casos que fueren constatados.

O profissional de saúde e a violência na infância e adolescência / The health professional and the violence in childhood and adolescence

A violência na infância e na adolescência é um grave fenômeno social e de saúde e não pode continuar sendo vista como uma responsabilidade policial. O Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente reserva aos profissionais de saúde a atuação nos diagnósticos de maus tratos e os procedimentos com a notificação. O não cumprimento dessa responsabilidade ocorre devido à falta de conhecimento da lei ou por não estarem convencidos de que devem exercer esse papel. É importante afirmar que a notificação não é um ato pessoal, mas uma obrigação legal. Diante de uma vítima, o médico precisa seguir algumas normas que, por vezes, geram conflitos entre os preceitos legais e éticos. Na categoria médica é consensual comunicar as autoridades, sempre que se tratarem de menores de 14 anos e alguns casos de adolescentes. A evidência de maus tratos constitui justa causa para a quebra do sigilo. O paciente deve ser informado da possibilidade de um exame pericial no Instituto Médico Legal, capaz de uma avaliação mais criteriosa. Além da violência estrutural devido às desigualdades sociais existentes em nosso meio, as crianças e adolescentes também são violentadas dentro dos seus lares. Todas as formas de violência podem causar danos ao desenvolvimento biopsicossocial em curto, médio e longo prazos

The violence in childhood and adolescence is a serious social and health problem and it must not continue to be seen as the police's responsibility. The Statute of the Child and Adolescent assigns to health care professionals the action regarding diagnoses of injuries and procedures towards the notification. The unfulfillment of this responsibility is due to the lack of knowledge of the law or because they are not convinced that they must have this role. It is important to state that the notification is not a personal act, but a legal obligation. Facing the victim, the doctor must follow certain rules that sometimes conflict between legal and ethical ideas. In the medical it is consensual to communicate the authorities when the person is less than 14 years old and in some cases of adolescents. The evidence of mistreatment constitutes legal cause for confidentiality breach. The patient must be informed of the possibility of going through a peer review, in the Institute of Legal Medicine, that is capable of a more careful evaluation. In addition to the structural violence because of the social inequalities in our country, children and adolescents are also damaged inside their houses. All forms of violence can cause damage to the biopsychosocial development in short, medium and long terms

Módulo de la A a la Z en derechos sexuales y reproductivos para funcionarios y funcionarias con énfasis en violencia intrafamiliar y violencia sexual / Sexual and reproductive rights module from A to Z for employees with emphasis on domestic and sexual violence

El desplazamiento forzado de la población en Colombia a causa del conflicto armado constituye una crisis humanitaria, por tanto el Estado ha venido desarrollando políticas, normas e interpretaciones jurisprudenciales que permiten el restablecimiento de sus derechos...

Domestic child labor.

An informal verbal survey was conducted amongst doctor colleagues to determine the prevalence of domestic child labor in this important part of the middle class, which is expected to mirror the society's social mores. Eighty-three doctors were surveyed of which 72 employed domestic servants and 61.1% of these employed children younger than 14 years of age. No association was observed between this practice and the medical specialty or work setting of the employer. A follow-up telephonic survey, after the enactment of the law prohibiting this practice, saw decreased participation and low prevalence of the practice.